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De Motu (Berkeley's essay)
''De Motu'' 〔''Berkeley's Philosophical Writings'', New York: Collier, 1974, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 64-22680〕(on Motion) is an essay written by George Berkeley and published in 1721. Its full title is ''De motu: Sive; de motu principio et natura, et de causa communicationis motuum'' (''De Motu or The Principle and Nature of Motion and the Cause of the Communication of Motions''). The essay was unsuccessfully submitted for a prize that had been offered by the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris.
Berkeley rejected Sir Isaac Newton's absolute space, time and motion. With this essay, Berkeley is considered to be the "precursor of Mach and Einstein." 〔''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', Micropædia, Vol. 2, Chicago, 2007〕〔Myhill, John "Berkeley's "De Motu" - An Anticipation of Mach" In: "George Berkeley: Lectures delivered before the Philosophical Union of the University of California" Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1957 (University of California Publications in Philosophy, Volume 29)〕
==Concrete and Abstract Motion==
We must pay attention to facts regarding things and their nature, not to words or to someone's authority. The mind should be concerned with particular and concrete things themselves, not with abstract terms. The effects that are felt on our senses should be noticed. The causes of these effects are rationally inferred and are occult qualities.
Gravity and force are examples of occult qualities. But they can be useful terms. Gravity can designate concrete bodies in motion and force can designate the concrete effort of resisting. However, they should not be used abstractly, separate from concrete, individual things. If no change occurs and there is no effect, then there is no force. Force, gravity, and attraction are mathematical, hypothetical abstractions and they are not found in nature as physical qualities. The parallelogram of composite forces is not a physical quality. It is mathematical. Attempts to explain the cause and origin of motion are abstract and obscure. They are not particular and determinate assertions. Such attempts try to explain the unknown by something that is even more unknown.
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